Abordagem sobre as leucemias e o papel da imunofenotipagem por citometria de fluxo no diagnóstico diferencial

Abstract

Hematopoiesis is the process that corresponds to the formation of hematological cells that have numerous functions within the organism. But errors at this stage can result in the formation of cells unable to perform their functions, triggering, for example, a leukemic picture and thus damaging vital organs. The leukemias are classified according to the affected cell lineage and the intensity of the installation. One of the exams for leukemia diagnosis is the immunophenotyping technique by flow cytometry, being considered gold standard, for presenting a high sensitivity and specificity in its result, mainly for identifying the affected cell lineage through the expression of specific surface markers. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze and understand the different types of leukemia, determining its surface markers the importance of differential diagnosis by means of immunophenotyping using the flow cytometry method, in addition to determining its advances and evaluating the effectiveness of the results in immunohematological examinations obtained by this technique. The results showed that leukemia affects several ages and that its etiology is still unknown, the main risk factors being believed to be environmental and genetic. It is concluded that the technique of immunophenotyping by flow cytometry is currently the best way to diagnose the disease, especially when the morphology is difficult to interpret. Based on the data, the use of flow cytometry is recommended to classify the different types of blood cells in patients with suspected hematological diseases.